lunar/src/VulkanRenderer.cpp

#define VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC_STORAGE
#include "VulkanRenderer.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <format>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <optional>
#include <print>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>

#include <SDL3/SDL_video.h>
#include <SDL3/SDL_vulkan.h>
#include <VkBootstrap.h>
#include <imgui_impl_sdl3.h>
#include <imgui_impl_vulkan.h>

#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
#	include <tracy/Tracy.hpp>
#endif

#include "DescriptorLayoutBuilder.h"
#include "DescriptorWriter.h"
#include "GraphicsPipelineBuilder.h"
#include "Util.h"
VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC_STORAGE;

namespace Lunar {

VulkanRenderer::GL::GL(VulkanRenderer &renderer)
    : m_renderer(renderer)
{
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::begin_drawing(vk::CommandBuffer cmd,
    AllocatedImage &color_target, AllocatedImage *depth_target) -> void
{
	if (m_drawing) {
		end_drawing();
	}

	m_cmd = cmd;
	m_color_target = &color_target;
	m_depth_target = depth_target;
	m_vertices.clear();
	m_indices.clear();
	m_inside_primitive = false;
	m_drawing = true;
	m_transform_stack.clear();
	m_active_pipeline = m_culling_enabled
	    ? &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled
	    : &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline;
	m_transform = smath::Mat4::identity();
	m_current_color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
	m_current_normal = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
	m_current_uv = { 0.0f, 0.0f };
	m_bound_texture = &m_renderer.m_vk.error_image;

	auto const extent = vk::Extent2D {
		m_color_target->extent.width,
		m_color_target->extent.height,
	};

	vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo color_att {};
	vk::ClearValue clear {};
	clear.color = vk::ClearColorValue {
		smath::Vec4 { Colors::DARK_SLATE_GRAY, 1.0f },
	};
	if (m_renderer.m_vk.msaa_samples != vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1) {
		assert(m_renderer.m_vk.msaa_color_image.image_view
		    && "MSAA enabled but MSAA color image is missing");
		color_att = vkinit::attachment_info(
		    m_renderer.m_vk.msaa_color_image.image_view, &clear,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
		color_att.resolveMode = vk::ResolveModeFlagBits::eAverage;
		color_att.resolveImageView = m_color_target->image_view;
		color_att.resolveImageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal;
		color_att.storeOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare;
	} else {
		color_att = vkinit::attachment_info(m_color_target->image_view, &clear,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
	}
	std::optional<vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo> depth_att;
	if (m_depth_target) {
		depth_att = vkinit::depth_attachment_info(m_depth_target->image_view,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal);
	}

	auto render_info { vkinit::render_info(
		extent, &color_att, depth_att ? &*depth_att : nullptr) };
	m_cmd.beginRendering(render_info);

	vk::Viewport viewport {};
	viewport.x = 0.0f;
	viewport.y = 0.0f;
	viewport.width = static_cast<float>(extent.width);
	viewport.height = static_cast<float>(extent.height);
	viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
	viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
	m_cmd.setViewport(0, viewport);

	vk::Rect2D scissor {};
	scissor.offset.x = 0;
	scissor.offset.y = 0;
	scissor.extent = extent;
	m_cmd.setScissor(0, scissor);

	bind_pipeline_if_needed();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::end_drawing() -> void
{
	if (!m_drawing)
		return;

	if (m_inside_primitive) {
		end();
	}

	flush();
	m_cmd.endRendering();

	m_cmd = nullptr;
	m_color_target = nullptr;
	m_depth_target = nullptr;
	m_drawing = false;
	m_active_pipeline = nullptr;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::begin(GeometryKind kind) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");
	if (m_inside_primitive) {
		end();
	}

	m_current_kind = kind;
	m_primitive_start = m_vertices.size();
	m_inside_primitive = true;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::color(smath::Vec3 const &rgb) -> void
{
	m_current_color = smath::Vec4 { rgb, 1.0f };
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::color(smath::Vec4 const &rgba) -> void
{
	m_current_color = rgba;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::uv(smath::Vec2 const &uv) -> void
{
	m_current_uv = uv;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::normal(smath::Vec3 const &normal) -> void
{
	m_current_normal = normal;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::set_texture(
    std::optional<AllocatedImage const *> texture) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");
	flush();
	m_bound_texture = texture.value_or(&m_renderer.m_vk.error_image);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::set_culling(bool enabled) -> void
{
	if (m_culling_enabled == enabled) {
		return;
	}

	if (m_drawing) {
		flush();
	}

	m_culling_enabled = enabled;
	if (!m_drawing) {
		return;
	}

	if (m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline
	    || m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled) {
		m_active_pipeline = enabled ? &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled
		                            : &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline;
	} else if (m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline
	    || m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled) {
		m_active_pipeline = enabled ? &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled
		                            : &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline;
	}

	bind_pipeline_if_needed();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::end() -> void
{
	if (!m_inside_primitive)
		return;

	auto const count = m_vertices.size() - m_primitive_start;
	emit_indices(m_primitive_start, count);
	m_inside_primitive = false;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::flush() -> void
{
	if (!m_drawing || m_vertices.empty() || m_indices.empty())
		return;

	auto const vertex_data_size { m_vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex) };
	auto const index_data_size { m_indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t) };
	auto const staging_size { vertex_data_size + index_data_size };

	auto staging = m_renderer.create_buffer(staging_size,
	    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY);

	void *staging_dst = staging.info.pMappedData;
	bool staging_mapped_here { false };
	if (!staging_dst) {
		VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(
		    m_renderer.m_vk.allocator, staging.allocation, &staging_dst);
		assert(res == VK_SUCCESS);
		staging_mapped_here = true;
	}
	memcpy(staging_dst, m_vertices.data(), vertex_data_size);
	memcpy(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(staging_dst) + vertex_data_size,
	    m_indices.data(), index_data_size);
	if (staging_mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_renderer.m_vk.allocator, staging.allocation);
	}

	auto vertex_buffer { m_renderer.create_buffer(vertex_data_size,
		vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer
		    | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
		    | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress,
		VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY) };
	auto index_buffer { m_renderer.create_buffer(index_data_size,
		vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer
		    | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst,
		VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY) };

	m_renderer.immediate_submit(
	    [&](vk::CommandBuffer cmd) {
		    vk::BufferCopy vertex_copy {};
		    vertex_copy.srcOffset = 0;
		    vertex_copy.dstOffset = 0;
		    vertex_copy.size = vertex_data_size;
		    cmd.copyBuffer(
		        staging.buffer, vertex_buffer.buffer, 1, &vertex_copy);

		    vk::BufferCopy index_copy {};
		    index_copy.srcOffset = vertex_data_size;
		    index_copy.dstOffset = 0;
		    index_copy.size = index_data_size;
		    cmd.copyBuffer(staging.buffer, index_buffer.buffer, 1, &index_copy);
	    },
	    /*flush_frame_deletion_queue=*/false,
	    /*clear_frame_descriptors=*/false);

	m_renderer.destroy_buffer(staging);

	auto cmd { m_cmd };

	bind_pipeline_if_needed();

	if (m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline
	    || m_active_pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled) {
		auto const image_set {
			m_renderer.m_vk.get_current_frame().frame_descriptors.allocate(
			    m_renderer.m_logger, m_renderer.m_vkb.dev.device,
			    m_renderer.m_vk.single_image_descriptor_layout)
		};

		auto const *image
		    = m_bound_texture ? m_bound_texture : &m_renderer.m_vk.error_image;
		DescriptorWriter()
		    .write_image(0, image->image_view,
		        m_renderer.m_vk.default_sampler_nearest.get(),
		        static_cast<VkImageLayout>(
		            vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal),
		        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER)
		    .update_set(m_renderer.m_vkb.dev.device, image_set);

		auto vk_image_set { vk::DescriptorSet { image_set } };
		cmd.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics,
		    m_active_pipeline->get_layout(), 0, vk_image_set, {});

		GPUDrawPushConstants push_constants {};
		push_constants.world_matrix = m_transform;

		vk::BufferDeviceAddressInfo device_address_info {};
		device_address_info.buffer = vertex_buffer.buffer;
		push_constants.vertex_buffer
		    = m_renderer.m_device.getBufferAddress(device_address_info);

		cmd.pushConstants(m_active_pipeline->get_layout(),
		    vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, 0, sizeof(push_constants),
		    &push_constants);
	}

	cmd.bindIndexBuffer(index_buffer.buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);
	cmd.drawIndexed(static_cast<uint32_t>(m_indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

	m_renderer.m_vk.get_current_frame().deletion_queue.emplace([=, this]() {
		m_renderer.destroy_buffer(index_buffer);
		m_renderer.destroy_buffer(vertex_buffer);
	});

	m_vertices.clear();
	m_indices.clear();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::use_pipeline(Pipeline &pipeline) -> void
{
	Pipeline *resolved_pipeline = &pipeline;
	if (&pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline
	    || &pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled) {
		resolved_pipeline = m_culling_enabled
		    ? &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled
		    : &m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline;
	} else if (&pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline
	    || &pipeline == &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled) {
		resolved_pipeline = m_culling_enabled
		    ? &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled
		    : &m_renderer.m_vk.triangle_pipeline;
	}

	if (resolved_pipeline == m_active_pipeline) {
		return;
	}

	flush();

	m_active_pipeline = resolved_pipeline;
	bind_pipeline_if_needed();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::set_transform(smath::Mat4 const &transform) -> void
{
	flush();
	m_transform = transform;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::push_transform() -> void
{
	m_transform_stack.push_back(m_transform);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::pop_transform() -> void
{
	if (m_transform_stack.empty()) {
		return;
	}

	flush();
	m_transform = m_transform_stack.back();
	m_transform_stack.pop_back();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::draw_rectangle(smath::Vec2 pos, smath::Vec2 size,
    smath::Vec4 rect_color, float rotation) -> void
{
	auto const half_size = size * 0.5f;
	auto const center = pos + half_size;

	auto rotate = [&](smath::Vec2 const &p) {
		float const c = std::cos(rotation);
		float const s = std::sin(rotation);
		return smath::Vec2 { c * p.x() - s * p.y(), s * p.x() + c * p.y() };
	};

	auto const br
	    = center + rotate(smath::Vec2 { half_size.x(), -half_size.y() });
	auto const tr
	    = center + rotate(smath::Vec2 { half_size.x(), half_size.y() });
	auto const bl
	    = center + rotate(smath::Vec2 { -half_size.x(), -half_size.y() });
	auto const tl
	    = center + rotate(smath::Vec2 { -half_size.x(), half_size.y() });

	begin(GeometryKind::Quads);

	color(rect_color);
	uv(smath::Vec2 { 1.0f, 1.0f });
	vert(smath::Vec3 { br.x(), br.y(), 0.0f });

	color(rect_color);
	uv(smath::Vec2 { 1.0f, 0.0f });
	vert(smath::Vec3 { tr.x(), tr.y(), 0.0f });

	color(rect_color);
	uv(smath::Vec2 { 0.0f, 1.0f });
	vert(smath::Vec3 { bl.x(), bl.y(), 0.0f });

	color(rect_color);
	uv(smath::Vec2 { 0.0f, 0.0f });
	vert(smath::Vec3 { tl.x(), tl.y(), 0.0f });

	end();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::draw_sphere(smath::Vec3 center, float radius,
    int rings, int segments, std::optional<smath::Vec4> sphere_color) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");

	if (radius <= 0.0f)
		return;

	if (rings < 2)
		rings = 2;
	if (segments < 3)
		segments = 3;

	float const pi = 3.14159265358979323846f;

	if (sphere_color.has_value())
		color(*sphere_color);

	begin(GeometryKind::Triangles);

	for (int y = 0; y < rings; y++) {
		float const v1 = static_cast<float>(y) / static_cast<float>(rings);
		float const v2 = static_cast<float>(y + 1) / static_cast<float>(rings);

		float const theta1 = v1 * pi;
		float const theta2 = v2 * pi;

		float const s1 = std::sin(theta1);
		float const c1 = std::cos(theta1);
		float const s2 = std::sin(theta2);
		float const c2 = std::cos(theta2);

		for (int x = 0; x < segments; x++) {
			float const u1
			    = static_cast<float>(x) / static_cast<float>(segments);
			float const u2
			    = static_cast<float>(x + 1) / static_cast<float>(segments);

			float const phi1 = u1 * (2.0f * pi);
			float const phi2 = u2 * (2.0f * pi);

			float const sp1 = std::sin(phi1);
			float const cp1 = std::cos(phi1);
			float const sp2 = std::sin(phi2);
			float const cp2 = std::cos(phi2);

			smath::Vec3 n1 { s1 * cp1, c1, s1 * sp1 };
			smath::Vec3 n2 { s1 * cp2, c1, s1 * sp2 };
			smath::Vec3 n3 { s2 * cp1, c2, s2 * sp1 };
			smath::Vec3 n4 { s2 * cp2, c2, s2 * sp2 };

			normal(n1);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u1, 1.0f - v1 });
			vert(center + n1 * radius);

			normal(n2);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u2, 1.0f - v1 });
			vert(center + n2 * radius);

			normal(n3);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u1, 1.0f - v2 });
			vert(center + n3 * radius);

			normal(n2);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u2, 1.0f - v1 });
			vert(center + n2 * radius);

			normal(n4);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u2, 1.0f - v2 });
			vert(center + n4 * radius);

			normal(n3);
			uv(smath::Vec2 { u1, 1.0f - v2 });
			vert(center + n3 * radius);
		}
	}

	end();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::draw_mesh(GPUMeshBuffers const &mesh,
    smath::Mat4 const &transform, uint32_t index_count, uint32_t first_index,
    int32_t vertex_offset) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");

	flush();
	Pipeline &mesh_pipeline = m_culling_enabled
	    ? m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled
	    : m_renderer.m_vk.mesh_pipeline;
	use_pipeline(mesh_pipeline);

	auto const image_set {
		m_renderer.m_vk.get_current_frame().frame_descriptors.allocate(
		    m_renderer.m_logger, m_renderer.m_vkb.dev.device,
		    m_renderer.m_vk.single_image_descriptor_layout)
	};
	auto const *image
	    = m_bound_texture ? m_bound_texture : &m_renderer.m_vk.error_image;
	DescriptorWriter()
	    .write_image(0, image->image_view,
	        m_renderer.m_vk.default_sampler_nearest.get(),
	        static_cast<VkImageLayout>(vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal),
	        VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER)
	    .update_set(m_renderer.m_vkb.dev.device, image_set);

	auto vk_image_set { vk::DescriptorSet { image_set } };
	m_cmd.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics,
	    mesh_pipeline.get_layout(), 0, vk_image_set, {});

	GPUDrawPushConstants push_constants {};
	push_constants.world_matrix = transform;
	push_constants.vertex_buffer = mesh.vertex_buffer_address;

	m_cmd.pushConstants(mesh_pipeline.get_layout(),
	    vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, 0, sizeof(push_constants),
	    &push_constants);

	m_cmd.bindIndexBuffer(mesh.index_buffer.buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);
	m_cmd.drawIndexed(index_count, 1, first_index, vertex_offset, 0);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::draw_indexed(Pipeline &pipeline,
    vk::DescriptorSet descriptor_set, AllocatedBuffer const &vertex_buffer,
    AllocatedBuffer const &index_buffer, uint32_t index_count,
    std::span<std::byte const> push_constants) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");

	if (m_inside_primitive) {
		end();
	}
	flush();
	use_pipeline(pipeline);

	auto cmd { m_cmd };
	cmd.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics,
	    pipeline.get_layout(), 0, descriptor_set, {});

	if (!push_constants.empty()) {
		cmd.pushConstants(pipeline.get_layout(),
		    vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, 0,
		    static_cast<uint32_t>(push_constants.size()),
		    push_constants.data());
	}

	vk::DeviceSize offset { 0 };
	cmd.bindVertexBuffers(0, vertex_buffer.buffer, offset);
	cmd.bindIndexBuffer(index_buffer.buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);
	cmd.drawIndexed(index_count, 1, 0, 0, 0);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::push_vertex(smath::Vec3 const &pos) -> void
{
	assert(m_drawing && "begin_drawing must be called first");

	Vertex v {};
	v.position = pos;
	v.u = m_current_uv.x();
	v.v = m_current_uv.y();
	v.normal = m_current_normal;
	v.color = m_current_color;

	m_vertices.emplace_back(v);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::emit_indices(size_t start, size_t count) -> void
{
	switch (m_current_kind) {
	case GeometryKind::Triangles: {
		for (size_t i = 0; (i + 2) < count; i += 3) {
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 0));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 1));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 2));
		}
		break;
	}
	case GeometryKind::TriangleStrip: {
		if (count < 3)
			break;
		for (size_t i = 0; (i + 2) < count; i++) {
			if (i % 2 == 0) {
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 0));
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 1));
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 2));
			} else {
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 1));
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 0));
				m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 2));
			}
		}
		break;
	}
	case GeometryKind::TriangleFan: {
		if (count < 3)
			break;
		for (size_t i = 1; (i + 1) < count; i++) {
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(start + i + 1));
		}
		break;
	}
	case GeometryKind::Quads: {
		if (count < 4)
			break;

		size_t const quad_count { count / 4 };
		for (size_t q = 0; q < quad_count; q++) {
			size_t const base = start + q * 4;
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 0));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 1));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 2));

			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 2));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 1));
			m_indices.emplace_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(base + 3));
		}
		break;
	}
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::GL::bind_pipeline_if_needed() -> void
{
	if (!m_drawing || !m_active_pipeline)
		return;

	m_cmd.bindPipeline(
	    vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, m_active_pipeline->get());
}

VulkanRenderer::VulkanRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Logger &logger,
    std::span<std::string const> instance_extensions,
    std::span<std::string const> device_extensions)
    : gl(*this)
    , m_window(window)
    , m_logger(logger)
    , m_extra_instance_extensions(
          instance_extensions.begin(), instance_extensions.end())
    , m_extra_device_extensions(
          device_extensions.begin(), device_extensions.end())
{
	if (m_window == nullptr) {
		throw std::runtime_error("VulkanRenderer requires a valid window");
	}

	m_use_kms = false;
	m_imgui_enabled = true;

	vk_init();
	swapchain_init();
	commands_init();
	sync_init();
	descriptors_init();
	pipelines_init();
	default_data_init();
	imgui_init();
}

VulkanRenderer::VulkanRenderer(KmsSurfaceConfig /*config*/, Logger &logger,
    std::span<std::string const> instance_extensions,
    std::span<std::string const> device_extensions)
    : gl(*this)
    , m_logger(logger)
    , m_extra_instance_extensions(
          instance_extensions.begin(), instance_extensions.end())
    , m_extra_device_extensions(
          device_extensions.begin(), device_extensions.end())
{
	m_use_kms = true;
	m_imgui_enabled = false;

	vk_init();
	swapchain_init();
	commands_init();
	sync_init();
	descriptors_init();
	pipelines_init();
	default_data_init();
}

VulkanRenderer::~VulkanRenderer()
{
	m_device.waitIdle();

	for (auto &frame_data : m_vk.frames) {
		frame_data.deletion_queue.flush();
		frame_data.main_command_buffer.reset();
		frame_data.command_pool.reset();
		frame_data.swapchain_semaphore.reset();
		frame_data.render_fence.reset();
	}
	m_vk.present_semaphores.clear();
	m_vk.swapchain_image_views.clear();
	m_vk.imm_command_buffer.reset();
	m_vk.imm_command_pool.reset();
	m_vk.imm_fence.reset();
	m_vk.triangle_pipeline.reset();
	m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled.reset();
	m_vk.mesh_pipeline.reset();
	m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled.reset();
	m_vk.default_sampler_linear.reset();
	m_vk.default_sampler_nearest.reset();

	if (m_latest_screenshot) {
		destroy_image(*m_latest_screenshot);
		m_latest_screenshot.reset();
	}

	destroy_swapchain();
	destroy_draw_image();
	destroy_msaa_color_image();
	destroy_depth_image();

	m_vk.deletion_queue.flush();

	if (m_vk.allocator) {
		vmaDestroyAllocator(m_vk.allocator);
		m_vk.allocator = nullptr;
	}

	if (m_vk.surface) {
		if (m_use_kms) {
			m_instance.destroySurfaceKHR(m_vk.surface);
		} else {
			SDL_Vulkan_DestroySurface(m_vkb.instance,
			    static_cast<VkSurfaceKHR>(m_vk.surface), nullptr);
		}
		m_vk.surface = nullptr;
	}

	vkb::destroy_device(m_vkb.dev);
	vkb::destroy_instance(m_vkb.instance);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::resize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) -> void
{
	recreate_swapchain(width, height);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::set_offscreen_extent(vk::Extent2D extent) -> void
{
	if (extent.width == 0 || extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	if (m_vk.draw_image.extent.width == extent.width
	    && m_vk.draw_image.extent.height == extent.height) {
		return;
	}

	m_device.waitIdle();
	destroy_draw_image();
	destroy_msaa_color_image();
	destroy_depth_image();
	create_draw_image(extent.width, extent.height);
	create_msaa_color_image(extent.width, extent.height);
	create_depth_image(extent.width, extent.height);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::set_antialiasing(AntiAliasingKind kind) -> void
{
	enqueue_render_command(RenderCommand {
	    RenderCommand::SetAntiAliasing { kind },
	});
}

auto VulkanRenderer::set_antialiasing_immediate(AntiAliasingKind kind) -> void
{
	apply_antialiasing(kind);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::apply_antialiasing(AntiAliasingKind kind) -> void
{
	auto requested_samples = [&](AntiAliasingKind aa) {
		switch (aa) {
		case AntiAliasingKind::NONE:
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
		case AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_2X:
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2;
		case AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_4X:
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4;
		case AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_8X:
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8;
		}
		return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
	}(kind);

	auto best_supported = [&](vk::SampleCountFlagBits requested) {
		auto const supported = m_vk.supported_framebuffer_samples;

		auto pick_if_supported = [&](vk::SampleCountFlagBits candidate) {
			return (supported & candidate) == candidate;
		};

		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e64
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e64)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e64;
		}
		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e32
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e32)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e32;
		}
		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e16
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e16)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e16;
		}
		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8;
		}
		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4;
		}
		if (requested >= vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2
		    && pick_if_supported(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2)) {
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2;
		}
		return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
	}(requested_samples);

	auto kind_for_samples = [](vk::SampleCountFlagBits samples) {
		switch (samples) {
		case vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2:
			return AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_2X;
		case vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4:
			return AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_4X;
		case vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8:
			return AntiAliasingKind::MSAA_8X;
		default:
			return AntiAliasingKind::NONE;
		}
	};

	auto const effective_kind = kind_for_samples(best_supported);
	if (m_vk.antialiasing_kind == effective_kind
	    && m_vk.msaa_samples == best_supported) {
		return;
	}

	if (best_supported != requested_samples) {
		m_logger.warn("Requested antialiasing {} but using {}",
		    static_cast<int>(kind), static_cast<int>(effective_kind));
	}

	m_vk.antialiasing_kind = effective_kind;
	m_vk.msaa_samples = best_supported;

	if (!m_vk.swapchain || m_vk.swapchain_extent.width == 0
	    || m_vk.swapchain_extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	m_device.waitIdle();

	create_msaa_color_image(
	    m_vk.swapchain_extent.width, m_vk.swapchain_extent.height);
	create_depth_image(
	    m_vk.swapchain_extent.width, m_vk.swapchain_extent.height);
	pipelines_init();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::enqueue_render_command(RenderCommand &&command) -> void
{
	std::scoped_lock lock { m_command_mutex };
	m_pending_render_commands.emplace_back(std::move(command));
}

auto VulkanRenderer::process_render_commands() -> void
{
	std::vector<RenderCommand> commands;
	{
		std::scoped_lock lock { m_command_mutex };
		commands.swap(m_pending_render_commands);
	}

	for (auto &command : commands) {
		std::visit(
		    [&](auto &&payload) {
			    using Payload = std::decay_t<decltype(payload)>;
			    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Payload,
			                      RenderCommand::SetAntiAliasing>) {
				    apply_antialiasing(payload.kind);
			    }
		    },
		    command.payload);
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::immediate_submit(
    std::function<void(vk::CommandBuffer cmd)> &&function,
    bool flush_frame_deletion_queue, bool clear_frame_descriptors) -> void
{
	m_device.resetFences(m_vk.imm_fence.get());
	m_vk.imm_command_buffer.get().reset();

	auto cmd { m_vk.imm_command_buffer.get() };
	vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_begin_info {};
	cmd_begin_info.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit;
	cmd.begin(cmd_begin_info);

	function(cmd);

	cmd.end();

	auto cmd_info { vkinit::command_buffer_submit_info(cmd) };
	auto submit { vkinit::submit_info2(&cmd_info, nullptr, nullptr) };
	m_vk.graphics_queue.submit2(submit, m_vk.imm_fence.get());

	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    m_device.waitForFences(m_vk.imm_fence.get(), true, 9'999'999'999));

	if (flush_frame_deletion_queue) {
		m_vk.get_current_frame().deletion_queue.flush();
	}
	if (clear_frame_descriptors) {
		m_vk.get_current_frame().frame_descriptors.clear_pools(
		    m_vkb.dev.device);
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::setup_kms_surface() -> void
{
	auto const devices = m_instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
	if (devices.empty()) {
		m_logger.err("No Vulkan physical devices available for KMS");
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}

	for (auto const &device : devices) {
		auto const displays = device.getDisplayPropertiesKHR();
		if (displays.empty()) {
			continue;
		}

		for (auto const &display_props : displays) {
			auto const modes
			    = device.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display_props.display);
			if (modes.empty()) {
				continue;
			}

			auto const best_mode_it = std::max_element(modes.begin(),
			    modes.end(), [](auto const &lhs, auto const &rhs) {
				    auto const lhs_extent = lhs.parameters.visibleRegion;
				    auto const rhs_extent = rhs.parameters.visibleRegion;
				    auto const lhs_area
				        = static_cast<uint64_t>(lhs_extent.width)
				        * static_cast<uint64_t>(lhs_extent.height);
				    auto const rhs_area
				        = static_cast<uint64_t>(rhs_extent.width)
				        * static_cast<uint64_t>(rhs_extent.height);
				    if (lhs_area == rhs_area) {
					    return lhs.parameters.refreshRate
					        < rhs.parameters.refreshRate;
				    }
				    return lhs_area < rhs_area;
			    });

			auto const planes = device.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR();
			std::optional<uint32_t> plane_index;
			uint32_t plane_stack_index { 0 };
			for (uint32_t i = 0; i < planes.size(); ++i) {
				auto const supported_displays
				    = device.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(i);
				if (std::find(supported_displays.begin(),
				        supported_displays.end(), display_props.display)
				    != supported_displays.end()) {
					plane_index = i;
					plane_stack_index = planes[i].currentStackIndex;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (!plane_index) {
				continue;
			}

			auto const extent = best_mode_it->parameters.visibleRegion;
			KmsState state {};
			state.display = display_props.display;
			state.mode = best_mode_it->displayMode;
			state.extent = extent;
			state.plane_index = *plane_index;
			state.plane_stack_index = plane_stack_index;
			if (display_props.displayName) {
				state.display_name = display_props.displayName;
			}

			m_kms_state = state;
			m_kms_extent = extent;
			m_kms_physical_device = device;
			m_kms_physical_device_set = true;

			m_logger.info("Using KMS display {} ({}x{} @ {} mHz)",
			    state.display_name.empty() ? "unnamed" : state.display_name,
			    extent.width, extent.height,
			    best_mode_it->parameters.refreshRate);
			break;
		}

		if (m_kms_state) {
			break;
		}
	}

	if (!m_kms_state) {
		m_logger.err("No suitable KMS display found");
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}

	vk::DisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR surface_info {};
	surface_info.displayMode = m_kms_state->mode;
	surface_info.planeIndex = m_kms_state->plane_index;
	surface_info.planeStackIndex = m_kms_state->plane_stack_index;
	surface_info.transform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
	surface_info.alphaMode = vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
	surface_info.globalAlpha = 1.0f;
	surface_info.imageExtent = m_kms_state->extent;

	m_vk.surface = m_instance.createDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(surface_info);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::vk_init() -> void
{
	VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(vkGetInstanceProcAddr);

	vkb::InstanceBuilder instance_builder {};
	instance_builder
	    .enable_extension(VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_CAPABILITIES_EXTENSION_NAME)
	    .set_app_name("Lunar")
	    .set_engine_name("Lunar")
	    .require_api_version(1, 3, 0)
	    .set_debug_callback_user_data_pointer(this)
	    .set_debug_callback(
	        [](VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT message_severity,
	            VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT message_type,
	            VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT const *callback_data,
	            void *user_data) {
		        auto renderer { reinterpret_cast<VulkanRenderer *>(user_data) };

		        auto level { Logger::Level::Debug };
		        if (message_severity
		            & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
			        level = Logger::Level::Error;
		        } else if (message_severity
		            & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
			        level = Logger::Level::Warning;
		        } else if (message_severity
		            & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT) {
			        level = Logger::Level::Info;
		        }

		        renderer->m_logger.log(level,
		            std::format("[Vulkan] [{}] {}",
		                vkb::to_string_message_type(message_type),
		                callback_data->pMessage));

		        return VK_FALSE;
	        });
	if (m_use_kms) {
		instance_builder.enable_extension(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME);
	}
	for (auto const &extension : m_extra_instance_extensions) {
		instance_builder.enable_extension(extension.c_str());
	}
#ifndef NDEBUG
	instance_builder.request_validation_layers();
#endif
	auto const instance_builder_ret { instance_builder.build() };
	if (!instance_builder_ret) {
		std::println(std::cerr, "Failed to create Vulkan instance. Error: {}",
		    instance_builder_ret.error().message());
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}

	m_vkb.instance = instance_builder_ret.value();
	m_instance = vk::Instance { m_vkb.instance.instance };
	VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(m_instance);

	if (m_use_kms) {
		setup_kms_surface();
	} else {
		VkSurfaceKHR raw_surface {};
		if (!SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(
		        m_window, m_vkb.instance, nullptr, &raw_surface)) {
			m_logger.err("Failed to create vulkan surface");
			throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
		}
		m_vk.surface = vk::SurfaceKHR { raw_surface };
	}

	vkb::PhysicalDeviceSelector phys_device_selector { m_vkb.instance };
	VkPhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features features_13 {};
	features_13.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_VULKAN_1_3_FEATURES;
	features_13.pNext = nullptr;
	features_13.synchronization2 = VK_TRUE;
	features_13.dynamicRendering = VK_TRUE;
	VkPhysicalDeviceBufferDeviceAddressFeatures
	    buffer_device_address_features {};
	buffer_device_address_features.sType
	    = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_FEATURES;
	buffer_device_address_features.bufferDeviceAddress = VK_TRUE;
	std::vector<char const *> desired_extensions {
		VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_EXT_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_DMA_BUF_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_EXT_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_EXT_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_IMAGE_FORMAT_LIST_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_BIND_MEMORY_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_GET_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_MAINTENANCE1_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_COPY_COMMANDS_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
		VK_KHR_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_EXTENSION_NAME,
	};
	std::vector<char const *> required_extensions {};
	for (auto const &extension : m_extra_device_extensions) {
		required_extensions.push_back(extension.c_str());
	}
	phys_device_selector.set_surface(m_vk.surface)
	    .add_desired_extensions(desired_extensions)
	    .set_required_features_13(features_13)
	    .add_required_extension_features(buffer_device_address_features);
	if (!required_extensions.empty()) {
		phys_device_selector.add_required_extensions(required_extensions);
	}
	auto physical_device_selector_return { phys_device_selector.select() };
	if (!physical_device_selector_return) {
		std::println(std::cerr,
		    "Failed to find Vulkan physical device. Error: {}",
		    physical_device_selector_return.error().message());
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}
	m_vkb.phys_dev = physical_device_selector_return.value();
	m_physical_device = vk::PhysicalDevice { m_vkb.phys_dev.physical_device };

	m_logger.info("Chosen Vulkan physical device: {}",
	    m_vkb.phys_dev.properties.deviceName);
	if (m_use_kms && m_kms_physical_device_set
	    && m_physical_device != m_kms_physical_device) {
		m_logger.warn("KMS display is not on the selected physical device");
	}

	auto const props = m_physical_device.getProperties();
	m_vk.supported_framebuffer_samples
	    = props.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts
	    & props.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;
	m_vk.msaa_samples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
	m_vk.antialiasing_kind = AntiAliasingKind::NONE;

	vkb::DeviceBuilder device_builder { m_vkb.phys_dev };
	auto dev_ret { device_builder.build() };
	if (!dev_ret) {
		std::println(std::cerr, "Failed to create Vulkan device. Error: {}",
		    dev_ret.error().message());
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}
	m_vkb.dev = dev_ret.value();
	m_device = vk::Device { m_vkb.dev.device };
	VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(m_device);

	auto queue_family_ret { m_vkb.dev.get_queue_index(
		vkb::QueueType::graphics) };
	if (!queue_family_ret) {
		std::println(std::cerr, "Failed to get graphics queue. Error: {}",
		    queue_family_ret.error().message());
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}
	m_vk.graphics_queue_family = queue_family_ret.value();
	m_vk.graphics_queue = m_device.getQueue(m_vk.graphics_queue_family, 0);
	if (m_use_kms) {
		if (!m_physical_device.getSurfaceSupportKHR(
		        m_vk.graphics_queue_family, m_vk.surface)) {
			m_logger.err("Selected device does not support KMS surface");
			throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
		}
	}

	VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocator_ci {};
	allocator_ci.physicalDevice = m_vkb.phys_dev.physical_device;
	allocator_ci.device = m_vkb.dev.device;
	allocator_ci.instance = m_vkb.instance.instance;
	allocator_ci.flags = VMA_ALLOCATOR_CREATE_BUFFER_DEVICE_ADDRESS_BIT;
	vmaCreateAllocator(&allocator_ci, &m_vk.allocator);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::swapchain_init() -> void
{
	uint32_t width { 0 };
	uint32_t height { 0 };
	if (m_use_kms) {
		width = m_kms_extent.width;
		height = m_kms_extent.height;
	} else {
		int w {}, h {};
		SDL_GetWindowSize(m_window, &w, &h);
		width = static_cast<uint32_t>(w);
		height = static_cast<uint32_t>(h);
	}
	create_swapchain(width, height);
	create_draw_image(width, height);
	create_msaa_color_image(width, height);
	create_depth_image(width, height);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::commands_init() -> void
{
	vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo ci {};
	ci.flags = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer;
	ci.queueFamilyIndex = m_vk.graphics_queue_family;
	for (auto &frame_data : m_vk.frames) {
		frame_data.command_pool = m_device.createCommandPoolUnique(ci);

		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo ai {};
		ai.commandPool = frame_data.command_pool.get();
		ai.level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary;
		ai.commandBufferCount = 1;

		frame_data.main_command_buffer
		    = std::move(m_device.allocateCommandBuffersUnique(ai).front());
	}

	m_vk.imm_command_pool = m_device.createCommandPoolUnique(ci);

	vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo ai {};
	ai.commandPool = m_vk.imm_command_pool.get();
	ai.level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary;
	ai.commandBufferCount = 1;
	m_vk.imm_command_buffer
	    = std::move(m_device.allocateCommandBuffersUnique(ai).front());
}

auto VulkanRenderer::sync_init() -> void
{
	vk::FenceCreateInfo fence_ci {};
	fence_ci.flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled;
	vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphore_ci {};

	for (auto &frame_data : m_vk.frames) {
		frame_data.render_fence = m_device.createFenceUnique(fence_ci);
		frame_data.swapchain_semaphore
		    = m_device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphore_ci);
	}

	m_vk.imm_fence = m_device.createFenceUnique(fence_ci);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::descriptors_init() -> void
{
	m_vk.deletion_queue.emplace([&]() {
		m_device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(
		    m_vk.gpu_scene_data_descriptor_layout);
		m_device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(
		    m_vk.single_image_descriptor_layout);
	});

	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < FRAME_OVERLAP; i++) {
		std::vector<DescriptorAllocatorGrowable::PoolSizeRatio> frame_sizes = {
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, 3 },
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 3 },
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 3 },
			{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 4 },
		};

		m_vk.frames[i].frame_descriptors = DescriptorAllocatorGrowable {};
		m_vk.frames[i].frame_descriptors.init(
		    m_vkb.dev.device, 1000, frame_sizes);

		m_vk.deletion_queue.emplace([&, i]() {
			m_vk.frames[i].frame_descriptors.destroy_pools(m_vkb.dev.device);
		});
	}

	auto scene_layout_raw
	    = DescriptorLayoutBuilder()
	          .add_binding(0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER)
	          .build(m_logger, m_vkb.dev.device,
	              VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT | VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
	m_vk.gpu_scene_data_descriptor_layout
	    = vk::DescriptorSetLayout { scene_layout_raw };

	auto single_layout_raw
	    = DescriptorLayoutBuilder()
	          .add_binding(0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER)
	          .build(m_logger, m_vkb.dev.device, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT);
	m_vk.single_image_descriptor_layout
	    = vk::DescriptorSetLayout { single_layout_raw };
}

auto VulkanRenderer::pipelines_init() -> void
{
	triangle_pipeline_init();
	mesh_pipeline_init();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::triangle_pipeline_init() -> void
{
	Pipeline::Builder builder { m_device, m_logger };

	uint8_t triangle_vert_shader_data[] {
#embed "triangle_vert.spv"
	};
	auto triangle_vert_shader = vkutil::load_shader_module(
	    std::span<uint8_t>(
	        triangle_vert_shader_data, sizeof(triangle_vert_shader_data)),
	    m_device);
	if (!triangle_vert_shader) {
		m_logger.err("Failed to load triangle vert shader");
	}

	uint8_t triangle_frag_shader_data[] {
#embed "triangle_frag.spv"
	};
	auto triangle_frag_shader = vkutil::load_shader_module(
	    std::span<uint8_t>(
	        triangle_frag_shader_data, sizeof(triangle_frag_shader_data)),
	    m_device);
	if (!triangle_frag_shader) {
		m_logger.err("Failed to load triangle frag shader");
	}

	m_vk.triangle_pipeline
	    = builder.build_graphics([&](GraphicsPipelineBuilder &pipeline_builder)
	                                 -> GraphicsPipelineBuilder & {
		      return pipeline_builder
		          .set_shaders(
		              triangle_vert_shader.get(), triangle_frag_shader.get())
		          .set_input_topology(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST)
		          .set_polygon_mode(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL)
		          .set_multisampling(
		              static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(m_vk.msaa_samples))
		          .enable_blending_additive()
		          .disable_depth_testing()
		          .set_color_attachment_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.draw_image.format))
		          .set_depth_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.depth_image.format));
	      });
	m_vk.triangle_pipeline_culled
	    = builder.build_graphics([&](GraphicsPipelineBuilder &pipeline_builder)
	                                 -> GraphicsPipelineBuilder & {
		      return pipeline_builder
		          .set_shaders(
		              triangle_vert_shader.get(), triangle_frag_shader.get())
		          .set_input_topology(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST)
		          .set_polygon_mode(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL)
		          .set_cull_mode(
		              VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE)
		          .set_multisampling(
		              static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(m_vk.msaa_samples))
		          .enable_blending_additive()
		          .disable_depth_testing()
		          .set_color_attachment_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.draw_image.format))
		          .set_depth_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.depth_image.format));
	      });
}

auto VulkanRenderer::mesh_pipeline_init() -> void
{
	Pipeline::Builder builder { m_device, m_logger };

	uint8_t triangle_vert_shader_data[] {
#embed "triangle_mesh_vert.spv"
	};
	auto triangle_vert_shader = vkutil::load_shader_module(
	    std::span<uint8_t>(
	        triangle_vert_shader_data, sizeof(triangle_vert_shader_data)),
	    m_device);
	if (!triangle_vert_shader) {
		m_logger.err("Failed to load triangle vert shader");
	}

	uint8_t triangle_frag_shader_data[] {
#embed "tex_image_frag.spv"
	};
	auto triangle_frag_shader = vkutil::load_shader_module(
	    std::span<uint8_t>(
	        triangle_frag_shader_data, sizeof(triangle_frag_shader_data)),
	    m_device);
	if (!triangle_frag_shader) {
		m_logger.err("Failed to load triangle frag shader");
	}

	vk::PushConstantRange push_constant_range {};
	push_constant_range.stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex;
	push_constant_range.offset = 0;
	push_constant_range.size = sizeof(GPUDrawPushConstants);

	std::array push_constant_ranges { push_constant_range };
	builder.set_push_constant_ranges(push_constant_ranges);
	std::array descriptor_set_layouts { m_vk.single_image_descriptor_layout };
	builder.set_descriptor_set_layouts(descriptor_set_layouts);

	m_vk.mesh_pipeline
	    = builder.build_graphics([&](GraphicsPipelineBuilder &pipeline_builder)
	                                 -> GraphicsPipelineBuilder & {
		      return pipeline_builder
		          .set_shaders(
		              triangle_vert_shader.get(), triangle_frag_shader.get())
		          .set_input_topology(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST)
		          .set_polygon_mode(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL)
		          .set_cull_mode(VK_CULL_MODE_NONE, VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE)
		          .set_multisampling(
		              static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(m_vk.msaa_samples))
		          .disable_blending()
		          .enable_depth_testing()
		          .set_color_attachment_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.draw_image.format))
		          .set_depth_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.depth_image.format));
	      });
	m_vk.mesh_pipeline_culled
	    = builder.build_graphics([&](GraphicsPipelineBuilder &pipeline_builder)
	                                 -> GraphicsPipelineBuilder & {
		      return pipeline_builder
		          .set_shaders(
		              triangle_vert_shader.get(), triangle_frag_shader.get())
		          .set_input_topology(VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST)
		          .set_polygon_mode(VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL)
		          .set_cull_mode(
		              VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT, VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE)
		          .set_multisampling(
		              static_cast<VkSampleCountFlagBits>(m_vk.msaa_samples))
		          .disable_blending()
		          .enable_depth_testing()
		          .set_color_attachment_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.draw_image.format))
		          .set_depth_format(
		              static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.depth_image.format));
	      });
}

auto VulkanRenderer::imgui_init() -> void
{
	VkDescriptorPoolSize pool_sizes[] = {
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SAMPLED_IMAGE, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_TEXEL_BUFFER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_TEXEL_BUFFER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_DYNAMIC, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER_DYNAMIC, 1000 },
		{ VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INPUT_ATTACHMENT, 1000 },
	};

	VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo pool_info {};
	pool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
	pool_info.flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT;
	pool_info.maxSets = 1000;
	pool_info.poolSizeCount = (uint32_t)std::size(pool_sizes);
	pool_info.pPoolSizes = pool_sizes;

	m_vk.imgui_descriptor_pool = m_device.createDescriptorPoolUnique(pool_info);

	ImGui::CreateContext();

	ImGui_ImplSDL3_InitForVulkan(m_window);

	ImGui_ImplVulkan_InitInfo init_info {};
	init_info.Instance = m_vkb.instance;
	init_info.PhysicalDevice = m_vkb.phys_dev.physical_device;
	init_info.Device = m_vkb.dev.device;
	init_info.Queue = static_cast<VkQueue>(m_vk.graphics_queue);
	init_info.DescriptorPool = m_vk.imgui_descriptor_pool.get();
	init_info.MinImageCount = 3;
	init_info.ImageCount = 3;
	init_info.UseDynamicRendering = true;

	init_info.PipelineInfoMain.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo.sType
	    = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO;
	init_info.PipelineInfoMain.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo.colorAttachmentCount
	    = 1;
	auto swapchain_format { static_cast<VkFormat>(
		m_vk.swapchain_image_format) };
	init_info.PipelineInfoMain.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo
	    .pColorAttachmentFormats
	    = &swapchain_format;

	init_info.PipelineInfoMain.MSAASamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

	ImGui_ImplVulkan_Init(&init_info);

	m_vk.deletion_queue.emplace([this]() {
		ImGui_ImplVulkan_Shutdown();
		ImGui_ImplSDL3_Shutdown();
		ImGui::DestroyContext();
		m_vk.imgui_descriptor_pool.reset();
	});
}

auto VulkanRenderer::default_data_init() -> void
{
	std::array<Vertex, 4> rect_vertices;

	rect_vertices[0].position = { 0.5, -0.5, 0 };
	rect_vertices[1].position = { 0.5, 0.5, 0 };
	rect_vertices[2].position = { -0.5, -0.5, 0 };
	rect_vertices[3].position = { -0.5, 0.5, 0 };

	rect_vertices[0].u = 1.0f;
	rect_vertices[0].v = 1.0f;
	rect_vertices[1].u = 1.0f;
	rect_vertices[1].v = 0.0f;
	rect_vertices[2].u = 0.0f;
	rect_vertices[2].v = 1.0f;
	rect_vertices[3].u = 0.0f;
	rect_vertices[3].v = 0.0f;

	for (auto &v : rect_vertices) {
		v.normal = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
	}

	rect_vertices[0].color = { 0, 0, 0, 1 };
	rect_vertices[1].color = { 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1 };
	rect_vertices[2].color = { 1, 0, 0, 1 };
	rect_vertices[3].color = { 0, 1, 0, 1 };

	std::array<uint32_t, 6> rect_indices;

	rect_indices[0] = 0;
	rect_indices[1] = 1;
	rect_indices[2] = 2;

	rect_indices[3] = 2;
	rect_indices[4] = 1;
	rect_indices[5] = 3;

	m_vk.rectangle = upload_mesh(rect_indices, rect_vertices);

	m_vk.deletion_queue.emplace([&]() {
		destroy_buffer(m_vk.rectangle.index_buffer);
		destroy_buffer(m_vk.rectangle.vertex_buffer);
	});

	{
		// Solid color images
		auto const white = smath::pack_unorm4x8(smath::Vec4 { 1, 1, 1, 1 });
		m_vk.white_image = create_image(&white, vk::Extent3D { 1, 1, 1 },
		    vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled);

		auto const black = smath::pack_unorm4x8(smath::Vec4 { 0, 0, 0, 1 });
		m_vk.black_image = create_image(&black, vk::Extent3D { 1, 1, 1 },
		    vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled);

		auto const gray
		    = smath::pack_unorm4x8(smath::Vec4 { 0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 1 });
		m_vk.gray_image = create_image(&gray, vk::Extent3D { 1, 1, 1 },
		    vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled);

		// Error checkerboard image
		auto const magenta = smath::pack_unorm4x8(smath::Vec4 { 1, 0, 1, 1 });
		std::array<uint32_t, 16 * 16> checkerboard;
		for (int x = 0; x < 16; x++) {
			for (int y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
				checkerboard[y * 16 + x]
				    = ((x % 2) ^ (y % 2)) ? magenta : black;
			}
		}
		m_vk.error_image
		    = create_image(checkerboard.data(), vk::Extent3D { 16, 16, 1 },
		        vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled);
	}

	vk::SamplerCreateInfo sampler_ci {};

	sampler_ci.magFilter = vk::Filter::eNearest;
	sampler_ci.minFilter = vk::Filter::eNearest;
	m_vk.default_sampler_nearest = m_device.createSamplerUnique(sampler_ci);

	sampler_ci.magFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear;
	sampler_ci.minFilter = vk::Filter::eLinear;
	m_vk.default_sampler_linear = m_device.createSamplerUnique(sampler_ci);

	m_vk.deletion_queue.emplace([&]() {
		m_vk.default_sampler_linear.reset();
		m_vk.default_sampler_nearest.reset();
		destroy_image(m_vk.error_image);
		destroy_image(m_vk.gray_image);
		destroy_image(m_vk.black_image);
		destroy_image(m_vk.white_image);
	});
}

auto VulkanRenderer::render(std::function<void(GL &)> const &record) -> void
{
	defer(m_vk.frame_number++);

	if (!m_vk.swapchain || m_vk.swapchain_extent.width == 0
	    || m_vk.swapchain_extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	process_render_commands();

	auto &frame = m_vk.get_current_frame();
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    m_device.waitForFences(frame.render_fence.get(), true, 1'000'000'000));
	frame.deletion_queue.flush();
	frame.frame_descriptors.clear_pools(m_vkb.dev.device);
	emit_frame_screenshot(frame);
#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
	emit_tracy_frame_image(frame);
#endif

	auto raw_fence { static_cast<VkFence>(frame.render_fence.get()) };
	VK_CHECK(m_logger, vkResetFences(m_vkb.dev.device, 1, &raw_fence));

	auto const acquire_result = m_device.acquireNextImageKHR(
	    m_vk.swapchain, 1'000'000'000, frame.swapchain_semaphore.get(), {});
	if (acquire_result.result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR
	    || acquire_result.result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
		if (m_use_kms) {
			recreate_swapchain(m_kms_extent.width, m_kms_extent.height);
		} else {
			int width {}, height {};
			SDL_GetWindowSize(m_window, &width, &height);
			recreate_swapchain(
			    static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height));
		}
		return;
	}
	VK_CHECK(m_logger, acquire_result.result);
	uint32_t const swapchain_image_idx { acquire_result.value };

	auto cmd { frame.main_command_buffer.get() };
	cmd.reset();

	m_vk.draw_extent.width = m_vk.draw_image.extent.width;
	m_vk.draw_extent.height = m_vk.draw_image.extent.height;

	vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_begin_info {};
	cmd_begin_info.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit;
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    vkBeginCommandBuffer(static_cast<VkCommandBuffer>(cmd),
	        reinterpret_cast<VkCommandBufferBeginInfo *>(&cmd_begin_info)));

	bool const msaa_enabled = m_vk.msaa_samples != vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image, m_vk.draw_image_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
	m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal;

	if (msaa_enabled) {
		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.msaa_color_image.image,
		    m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
		m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal;
	}

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.depth_image.image,
	    m_vk.depth_image_layout, vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal);
	m_vk.depth_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal;

	gl.begin_drawing(cmd, m_vk.draw_image, &m_vk.depth_image);
	if (record) {
		record(gl);
	}
	gl.end_drawing();

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image, m_vk.draw_image_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal);
	m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx),
	    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal);

	vkutil::copy_image_to_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image,
	    m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx), m_vk.draw_extent,
	    m_vk.swapchain_extent);

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.swapchain_images[swapchain_image_idx],
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);

	if (m_imgui_enabled) {
		draw_imgui(
		    cmd, m_vk.swapchain_image_views.at(swapchain_image_idx).get());
	}

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx),
	    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal);

	if (frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer) {
		vk::BufferImageCopy screenshot_copy {};
		screenshot_copy.imageSubresource.aspectMask
		    = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		screenshot_copy.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		screenshot_copy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		screenshot_copy.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		screenshot_copy.imageExtent
		    = vk::Extent3D { m_vk.swapchain_extent.width,
			      m_vk.swapchain_extent.height, 1 };

		cmd.copyImageToBuffer(m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx),
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
		    frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer, screenshot_copy);
		frame.screenshot_ready = true;
	} else {
		frame.screenshot_ready = false;
	}

#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
	constexpr std::uint64_t tracy_frame_stride { 10 };
	bool const tracy_capture { TracyIsConnected
		&& (m_vk.frame_number % tracy_frame_stride == 0) };
	frame.tracy_frame_ready = false;
	frame.frame_image_ready = false;
	if (tracy_capture && frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer
	    && m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image) {
		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image,
		    m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal);
		m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;

		vk::ImageBlit blit_region {};
		blit_region.srcSubresource.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		blit_region.srcSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		blit_region.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		blit_region.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		blit_region.srcOffsets[0] = vk::Offset3D { 0, 0, 0 };
		blit_region.srcOffsets[1]
		    = vk::Offset3D { static_cast<int32_t>(m_vk.swapchain_extent.width),
			      static_cast<int32_t>(m_vk.swapchain_extent.height), 1 };
		blit_region.dstSubresource.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		blit_region.dstSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		blit_region.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		blit_region.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		blit_region.dstOffsets[0] = vk::Offset3D { 0, 0, 0 };
		blit_region.dstOffsets[1] = vk::Offset3D {
			static_cast<int32_t>(m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.width),
			static_cast<int32_t>(m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.height), 1
		};

		cmd.blitImage(m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx),
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
		    m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, blit_region,
		    vk::Filter::eLinear);

		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image,
		    m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal);
		m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;

		vk::BufferImageCopy copy_region {};
		copy_region.imageSubresource.aspectMask
		    = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		copy_region.imageExtent
		    = vk::Extent3D { m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.width,
			      m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.height, 1 };

		cmd.copyImageToBuffer(m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
		    frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer, copy_region);
		frame.frame_image_ready = true;
		frame.tracy_frame_ready = true;
	}
#endif

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.swapchain_images.at(swapchain_image_idx),
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR);

	cmd.end();

	auto render_semaphore
	    = m_vk.present_semaphores.at(swapchain_image_idx).get();
	vk::PipelineStageFlags2 wait_stage
	    = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput;
	auto wait_info { vkinit::semaphore_submit_info(
		wait_stage, m_vk.get_current_frame().swapchain_semaphore.get()) };
	auto command_buffer_info { vkinit::command_buffer_submit_info(cmd) };
	auto signal_info { vkinit::semaphore_submit_info(
		vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eAllCommands, render_semaphore) };
	auto submit_info { vkinit::submit_info2(
		&command_buffer_info, &wait_info, &signal_info) };

	m_vk.graphics_queue.submit2(
	    submit_info, m_vk.get_current_frame().render_fence.get());

	vk::PresentInfoKHR present_info {};
	present_info.setSwapchains(m_vk.swapchain);
	present_info.setWaitSemaphores(render_semaphore);
	present_info.setImageIndices(swapchain_image_idx);

	auto const present_result = m_vk.graphics_queue.presentKHR(present_info);
	if (present_result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR
	    || present_result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
		if (m_use_kms) {
			recreate_swapchain(m_kms_extent.width, m_kms_extent.height);
		} else {
			int width {}, height {};
			SDL_GetWindowSize(m_window, &width, &height);
			recreate_swapchain(
			    static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height));
		}
		return;
	}
	VK_CHECK(m_logger, present_result);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::render_to_image(vk::Image target_image,
    vk::Extent2D target_extent, std::function<void(GL &)> const &record) -> void
{
	defer(m_vk.frame_number++);

	if (!target_image || target_extent.width == 0
	    || target_extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	process_render_commands();

	auto &frame = m_vk.get_current_frame();
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    m_device.waitForFences(frame.render_fence.get(), true, 1'000'000'000));
	frame.deletion_queue.flush();
	frame.frame_descriptors.clear_pools(m_vkb.dev.device);

	auto raw_fence { static_cast<VkFence>(frame.render_fence.get()) };
	VK_CHECK(m_logger, vkResetFences(m_vkb.dev.device, 1, &raw_fence));

	auto cmd { frame.main_command_buffer.get() };
	cmd.reset();

	m_vk.draw_extent.width = m_vk.draw_image.extent.width;
	m_vk.draw_extent.height = m_vk.draw_image.extent.height;

	vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_begin_info {};
	cmd_begin_info.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit;
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    vkBeginCommandBuffer(static_cast<VkCommandBuffer>(cmd),
	        reinterpret_cast<VkCommandBufferBeginInfo *>(&cmd_begin_info)));

	bool const msaa_enabled = m_vk.msaa_samples != vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image, m_vk.draw_image_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
	m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal;

	if (msaa_enabled) {
		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.msaa_color_image.image,
		    m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
		m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal;
	}

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.depth_image.image,
	    m_vk.depth_image_layout, vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal);
	m_vk.depth_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal;

	gl.begin_drawing(cmd, m_vk.draw_image, &m_vk.depth_image);
	if (record) {
		record(gl);
	}
	gl.end_drawing();

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image, m_vk.draw_image_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal);
	m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, target_image, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal);

	vkutil::copy_image_to_image(cmd, m_vk.draw_image.image, target_image,
	    m_vk.draw_extent, target_extent);

	vkutil::transition_image(cmd, target_image,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
	    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);

	cmd.end();

	auto command_buffer_info { vkinit::command_buffer_submit_info(cmd) };
	auto submit_info { vkinit::submit_info2(
		&command_buffer_info, nullptr, nullptr) };

	m_vk.graphics_queue.submit2(submit_info, frame.render_fence.get());
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    m_device.waitForFences(frame.render_fence.get(), true, 1'000'000'000));
}

auto VulkanRenderer::draw_imgui(
    vk::CommandBuffer cmd, vk::ImageView target_image_view) -> void
{
	auto const color_attachment { vkinit::attachment_info(
		target_image_view, nullptr, vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal) };
	auto const render_info { vkinit::render_info(
		m_vk.draw_extent, &color_attachment, nullptr) };

	cmd.beginRendering(render_info);

	ImGui_ImplVulkan_RenderDrawData(
	    ImGui::GetDrawData(), static_cast<VkCommandBuffer>(cmd));

	cmd.endRendering();
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_swapchain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) -> void
{
	vkb::SwapchainBuilder builder { m_vkb.phys_dev, m_vkb.dev, m_vk.surface };
	m_vk.swapchain_image_format = vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm;
	auto const swapchain_ret { builder
		    .set_desired_format({
		        .format = static_cast<VkFormat>(m_vk.swapchain_image_format),
		        .colorSpace = VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR,
		    })
		    .set_desired_present_mode(VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR)
		    .set_desired_extent(width, height)
		    .set_image_usage_flags(VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT
		        | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT
		        | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT)
		    .build() };
	if (!swapchain_ret) {
		std::println(std::cerr, "Failed to create swapchain. Error: {}",
		    swapchain_ret.error().message());
		throw std::runtime_error("App init fail");
	}
	m_vkb.swapchain = swapchain_ret.value();

	m_vk.swapchain = m_vkb.swapchain.swapchain;
	m_vk.swapchain_extent = vk::Extent2D { m_vkb.swapchain.extent.width,
		m_vkb.swapchain.extent.height };
	auto images { m_vkb.swapchain.get_images().value() };
	m_vk.swapchain_images.assign(images.begin(), images.end());

	m_vk.swapchain_image_views.clear();
	for (auto img : m_vk.swapchain_images) {
		vk::ImageViewCreateInfo iv_ci {};
		iv_ci.image = img;
		iv_ci.viewType = vk::ImageViewType::e2D;
		iv_ci.format = m_vk.swapchain_image_format;
		iv_ci.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		iv_ci.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		iv_ci.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		m_vk.swapchain_image_views.emplace_back(
		    m_device.createImageViewUnique(iv_ci));
	}

	vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphore_ci {};
	m_vk.present_semaphores.resize(m_vk.swapchain_images.size());
	for (auto &semaphore : m_vk.present_semaphores) {
		semaphore = m_device.createSemaphoreUnique(semaphore_ci);
	}
	ensure_screenshot_buffers(m_vk.swapchain_extent);
#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
	ensure_tracy_frame_buffers(m_vk.swapchain_extent);
#endif
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_draw_image(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) -> void
{
	destroy_draw_image();

	auto const flags { vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc
		| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
		| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled
		| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment };
	m_vk.draw_image = create_image(
	    { width, height, 1 }, vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat, flags);
	m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_msaa_color_image(uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
    -> void
{
	destroy_msaa_color_image();

	if (m_vk.msaa_samples == vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1) {
		return;
	}

	auto const flags { vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment };
	m_vk.msaa_color_image = create_image(
	    { width, height, 1 }, m_vk.draw_image.format, flags, m_vk.msaa_samples);
	m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_depth_image(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) -> void
{
	destroy_depth_image();

	auto const flags { vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc
		| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
		| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment };
	m_vk.depth_image = create_image(
	    { width, height, 1 }, vk::Format::eD32Sfloat, flags, m_vk.msaa_samples);
	m_vk.depth_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_depth_image() -> void
{
	if (m_vk.depth_image.image) {
		m_device.destroyImageView(m_vk.depth_image.image_view);
		m_vk.depth_image.image_view = vk::ImageView {};
		vmaDestroyImage(m_vk.allocator,
		    static_cast<VkImage>(m_vk.depth_image.image),
		    m_vk.depth_image.allocation);
		m_vk.depth_image.image = vk::Image {};
		m_vk.depth_image.allocation = nullptr;
		m_vk.depth_image.extent = vk::Extent3D { 0, 0, 0 };
		m_vk.depth_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_draw_image() -> void
{
	if (m_vk.draw_image.image) {
		m_device.destroyImageView(m_vk.draw_image.image_view);
		m_vk.draw_image.image_view = vk::ImageView {};
		vmaDestroyImage(m_vk.allocator,
		    static_cast<VkImage>(m_vk.draw_image.image),
		    m_vk.draw_image.allocation);
		m_vk.draw_image.image = vk::Image {};
		m_vk.draw_image.allocation = nullptr;
		m_vk.draw_image.extent = vk::Extent3D { 0, 0, 0 };
		m_vk.draw_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_msaa_color_image() -> void
{
	if (m_vk.msaa_color_image.image) {
		m_device.destroyImageView(m_vk.msaa_color_image.image_view);
		m_vk.msaa_color_image.image_view = vk::ImageView {};
		vmaDestroyImage(m_vk.allocator,
		    static_cast<VkImage>(m_vk.msaa_color_image.image),
		    m_vk.msaa_color_image.allocation);
		m_vk.msaa_color_image.image = vk::Image {};
		m_vk.msaa_color_image.allocation = nullptr;
		m_vk.msaa_color_image.extent = vk::Extent3D { 0, 0, 0 };
		m_vk.msaa_color_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::recreate_swapchain(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) -> void
{
	m_device.waitIdle();

	if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
		destroy_swapchain();
		destroy_draw_image();
		destroy_msaa_color_image();
		destroy_depth_image();
		m_vk.swapchain_extent = vk::Extent2D { 0, 0 };
		return;
	}

	destroy_swapchain();
	destroy_draw_image();
	destroy_msaa_color_image();
	destroy_depth_image();

	create_swapchain(width, height);
	create_draw_image(width, height);
	create_msaa_color_image(width, height);
	create_depth_image(width, height);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_swapchain() -> void
{
	if (!m_vk.swapchain)
		return;

	destroy_screenshot_buffers();
#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
	destroy_tracy_frame_buffers();
#endif

	m_vk.present_semaphores.clear();
	m_device.destroySwapchainKHR(m_vk.swapchain);

	m_vk.swapchain = vk::SwapchainKHR {};
	m_vk.swapchain_image_views.clear();
	m_vk.swapchain_images.clear();
	m_vk.present_semaphores.clear();
	m_vk.swapchain_extent = vk::Extent2D { 0, 0 };
}

auto VulkanRenderer::ensure_screenshot_buffers(vk::Extent2D extent) -> void
{
	if (extent.width == 0 || extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	auto const byte_count { static_cast<size_t>(extent.width)
		* static_cast<size_t>(extent.height) * 4 };

	for (auto &frame : m_vk.frames) {
		auto const same_extent { frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer
			&& frame.screenshot_extent.width == extent.width
			&& frame.screenshot_extent.height == extent.height };
		if (!same_extent && frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer) {
			destroy_buffer(frame.screenshot_buffer);
			frame.screenshot_buffer = AllocatedBuffer {};
		}

		if (!same_extent) {
			frame.screenshot_buffer = create_buffer(byte_count,
			    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst,
			    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU);
			frame.screenshot_extent = extent;
			frame.screenshot_rgba.resize(byte_count);
		}

		frame.screenshot_ready = false;
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_screenshot_buffers() -> void
{
	for (auto &frame : m_vk.frames) {
		if (frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer) {
			destroy_buffer(frame.screenshot_buffer);
			frame.screenshot_buffer = AllocatedBuffer {};
		}
		frame.screenshot_extent = vk::Extent2D {};
		frame.screenshot_rgba.clear();
		frame.screenshot_ready = false;
	}

	m_latest_screenshot_pixels.clear();
	m_latest_screenshot_extent = vk::Extent2D {};
	if (m_latest_screenshot) {
		destroy_image(*m_latest_screenshot);
		m_latest_screenshot.reset();
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::emit_frame_screenshot(FrameData &frame) -> void
{
	if (!frame.screenshot_ready) {
		return;
	}

	auto const extent { frame.screenshot_extent };
	if (extent.width == 0 || extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	auto const byte_count { static_cast<size_t>(extent.width)
		* static_cast<size_t>(extent.height) * 4 };
	if (!frame.screenshot_buffer.buffer) {
		return;
	}

	VmaAllocationInfo info {};
	vmaGetAllocationInfo(
	    m_vk.allocator, frame.screenshot_buffer.allocation, &info);

	void *mapped { info.pMappedData };
	bool mapped_here { false };
	if (!mapped) {
		auto const map_result { vmaMapMemory(
			m_vk.allocator, frame.screenshot_buffer.allocation, &mapped) };
		if (map_result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			return;
		}
		mapped_here = true;
	}

	auto *source { static_cast<std::uint8_t *>(mapped) };
	auto &destination { frame.screenshot_rgba };
	if (destination.size() != byte_count) {
		destination.resize(byte_count);
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < byte_count; i += 4) {
		destination[i] = source[i + 2];
		destination[i + 1] = source[i + 1];
		destination[i + 2] = source[i];
		destination[i + 3] = source[i + 3];
	}

	auto const screenshot_flags { vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled };
	auto const screenshot_extent { vk::Extent3D {
		extent.width, extent.height, 1 } };

	if (m_latest_screenshot) {
		destroy_image(*m_latest_screenshot);
		m_latest_screenshot.reset();
	}

	m_latest_screenshot = create_image(destination.data(), screenshot_extent,
	    vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm, screenshot_flags);
	m_latest_screenshot_pixels = destination;
	m_latest_screenshot_extent = extent;

	if (mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, frame.screenshot_buffer.allocation);
	}

	frame.screenshot_ready = false;
}

#if defined(TRACY_ENABLE)
namespace {

[[nodiscard]] auto tracy_capture_extent(vk::Extent2D extent) -> vk::Extent2D
{
	constexpr uint32_t max_width { 320 };
	constexpr uint32_t max_height { 180 };

	auto width { std::min(extent.width, max_width) };
	auto height { std::min(extent.height, max_height) };

	width -= width % 4;
	height -= height % 4;

	return vk::Extent2D { width, height };
}

} // namespace

auto VulkanRenderer::ensure_tracy_frame_buffers(vk::Extent2D extent) -> void
{
	auto const capture_extent { tracy_capture_extent(extent) };
	if (capture_extent.width == 0 || capture_extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}

	auto const byte_count { static_cast<size_t>(capture_extent.width)
		* static_cast<size_t>(capture_extent.height) * 4 };

	if (m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.width != capture_extent.width
	    || m_vk.tracy_capture_extent.height != capture_extent.height) {
		if (m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image) {
			destroy_image(m_vk.tracy_capture_image);
		}

		auto const flags { vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
			| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc
			| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment
			| vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled };
		auto const capture_size { vk::Extent3D {
			capture_extent.width, capture_extent.height, 1 } };
		m_vk.tracy_capture_image = create_image_no_view(
		    capture_size, m_vk.swapchain_image_format, flags);
		m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
		m_vk.tracy_capture_extent = capture_extent;
	}

	for (auto &frame : m_vk.frames) {
		auto const same_extent { frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer
			&& frame.frame_image_extent.width == capture_extent.width
			&& frame.frame_image_extent.height == capture_extent.height };
		if (!same_extent && frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer) {
			destroy_buffer(frame.frame_image_buffer);
			frame.frame_image_buffer = AllocatedBuffer {};
		}

		if (!same_extent) {
			frame.frame_image_buffer = create_buffer(byte_count,
			    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst,
			    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU);
			frame.frame_image_extent = capture_extent;
			frame.frame_image_rgba.resize(byte_count);
		}

		frame.frame_image_ready = false;
		frame.tracy_frame_ready = false;
	}
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_tracy_frame_buffers() -> void
{
	for (auto &frame : m_vk.frames) {
		if (frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer) {
			destroy_buffer(frame.frame_image_buffer);
			frame.frame_image_buffer = AllocatedBuffer {};
		}
		frame.frame_image_extent = vk::Extent2D {};
		frame.frame_image_rgba.clear();
		frame.frame_image_ready = false;
		frame.tracy_frame_ready = false;
	}

	if (m_vk.tracy_capture_image.image) {
		destroy_image(m_vk.tracy_capture_image);
		m_vk.tracy_capture_image = AllocatedImage {};
	}
	m_vk.tracy_capture_image_layout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
	m_vk.tracy_capture_extent = vk::Extent2D {};
}

auto VulkanRenderer::emit_tracy_frame_image(FrameData &frame) -> void
{
	if (!frame.frame_image_ready) {
		return;
	}

	auto const extent { frame.frame_image_extent };
	if (extent.width == 0 || extent.height == 0) {
		return;
	}
	if (extent.width % 4 != 0 || extent.height % 4 != 0) {
		return;
	}
	if (extent.width > std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max()
	    || extent.height > std::numeric_limits<std::uint16_t>::max()) {
		return;
	}

	auto const byte_count { static_cast<size_t>(extent.width)
		* static_cast<size_t>(extent.height) * 4 };
	if (!frame.frame_image_buffer.buffer) {
		return;
	}

	VmaAllocationInfo info {};
	vmaGetAllocationInfo(
	    m_vk.allocator, frame.frame_image_buffer.allocation, &info);

	void *mapped { info.pMappedData };
	bool mapped_here { false };
	if (!mapped) {
		auto const map_result { vmaMapMemory(
			m_vk.allocator, frame.frame_image_buffer.allocation, &mapped) };
		if (map_result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			return;
		}
		mapped_here = true;
	}

	auto *source { static_cast<std::uint8_t *>(mapped) };
	auto &destination { frame.frame_image_rgba };
	if (destination.size() != byte_count) {
		destination.resize(byte_count);
	}

	for (size_t i = 0; i < byte_count; i += 4) {
		destination[i] = source[i + 2];
		destination[i + 1] = source[i + 1];
		destination[i + 2] = source[i];
		destination[i + 3] = source[i + 3];
	}

	if (!frame.tracy_frame_ready || !TracyIsConnected) {
		frame.frame_image_ready = false;
		frame.tracy_frame_ready = false;
		if (mapped_here) {
			vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, frame.frame_image_buffer.allocation);
		}
		return;
	}

	auto const frame_offset { static_cast<std::uint8_t>(
		m_vk.frames.size() - 1) };
	FrameImage(destination.data(), static_cast<std::uint16_t>(extent.width),
	    static_cast<std::uint16_t>(extent.height), frame_offset, false);

	if (mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, frame.frame_image_buffer.allocation);
	}

	frame.frame_image_ready = false;
	frame.tracy_frame_ready = false;
}
#endif

auto VulkanRenderer::create_image_no_view(vk::Extent3D size, vk::Format format,
    vk::ImageUsageFlags flags, vk::SampleCountFlagBits samples, bool mipmapped)
    -> AllocatedImage
{
	AllocatedImage new_image {};
	new_image.format = format;
	new_image.extent = size;

	auto img_ci { vkinit::image_create_info(format, flags, size, samples) };
	if (mipmapped) {
		img_ci.mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(
		                       std::log2(std::max(size.width, size.height))))
		    + 1;
	}

	VmaAllocationCreateInfo alloc_ci {};
	alloc_ci.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
	alloc_ci.requiredFlags
	    = VkMemoryPropertyFlags(VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    vmaCreateImage(m_vk.allocator,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo const *>(&img_ci), &alloc_ci,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkImage *>(&new_image.image),
	        &new_image.allocation, nullptr));

	return new_image;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_image(vk::Extent3D size, vk::Format format,
    vk::ImageUsageFlags flags, vk::SampleCountFlagBits samples, bool mipmapped)
    -> AllocatedImage
{
	AllocatedImage new_image { create_image_no_view(
		size, format, flags, samples, mipmapped) };

	vk::ImageAspectFlags aspect_flag { vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor };
	if (format == vk::Format::eD32Sfloat) {
		aspect_flag = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth;
	}

	auto const view_ci { vkinit::imageview_create_info(
		format, new_image.image, aspect_flag) };
	new_image.image_view = m_device.createImageView(view_ci);

	return new_image;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_image(void const *data, vk::Extent3D size,
    vk::Format format, vk::ImageUsageFlags flags, bool mipmapped)
    -> AllocatedImage
{
	size_t data_size {
		static_cast<uint32_t>(size.depth) * static_cast<uint32_t>(size.width)
		    * static_cast<uint32_t>(size.height) * 4,
	};
	auto const upload_buffer {
		create_buffer(data_size, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
		    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU),
	};

	VmaAllocationInfo info {};
	vmaGetAllocationInfo(m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation, &info);

	void *mapped_data { reinterpret_cast<GPUSceneData *>(info.pMappedData) };
	bool mapped_here { false };
	if (!mapped_data) {
		VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(
		    m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation, (void **)&mapped_data);
		assert(res == VK_SUCCESS);
		mapped_here = true;
	}

	memcpy(mapped_data, data, data_size);

	auto const new_image {
		create_image(size, format,
		    flags | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
		        | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
		    vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1, mipmapped),
	};

	immediate_submit([&](vk::CommandBuffer cmd) {
		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, new_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal);

		vk::BufferImageCopy copy_region {};
		copy_region.imageSubresource.aspectMask
		    = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		copy_region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		copy_region.imageExtent = size;

		cmd.copyBufferToImage(upload_buffer.buffer, new_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, copy_region);

		vkutil::transition_image(cmd, new_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
	});

	if (mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation);
	}
	destroy_buffer(upload_buffer);

	return new_image;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_image(CPUTexture const &texture,
    vk::ImageUsageFlags flags, bool mipmapped) -> AllocatedImage
{
	vk::Extent3D size { texture.width, texture.height, 1 };
	return create_image(
	    texture.pixels.data(), size, texture.format, flags, mipmapped);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_cubemap(std::span<uint8_t const> pixels,
    uint32_t face_size, vk::Format format, vk::ImageUsageFlags flags)
    -> AllocatedImage
{
	size_t const face_bytes = static_cast<size_t>(face_size) * face_size * 4;
	if (pixels.size() < face_bytes * 6) {
		m_logger.err("Cubemap data size is invalid");
		return {};
	}

	auto const upload_buffer {
		create_buffer(pixels.size(), vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
		    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU),
	};

	VmaAllocationInfo info {};
	vmaGetAllocationInfo(m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation, &info);

	void *mapped_data { reinterpret_cast<GPUSceneData *>(info.pMappedData) };
	bool mapped_here { false };
	if (!mapped_data) {
		VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(
		    m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation, (void **)&mapped_data);
		assert(res == VK_SUCCESS);
		mapped_here = true;
	}

	memcpy(mapped_data, pixels.data(), pixels.size());

	AllocatedImage new_image {};
	new_image.format = format;
	new_image.extent = vk::Extent3D { face_size, face_size, 1 };

	auto img_ci { vkinit::image_create_info(format,
		flags | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst, new_image.extent,
		vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1) };
	img_ci.arrayLayers = 6;
	img_ci.flags = vk::ImageCreateFlagBits::eCubeCompatible;

	VmaAllocationCreateInfo alloc_ci {};
	alloc_ci.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
	alloc_ci.requiredFlags
	    = VkMemoryPropertyFlags(VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);

	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    vmaCreateImage(m_vk.allocator,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkImageCreateInfo const *>(&img_ci), &alloc_ci,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkImage *>(&new_image.image),
	        &new_image.allocation, nullptr));

	vk::ImageViewCreateInfo view_ci {};
	view_ci.viewType = vk::ImageViewType::eCube;
	view_ci.image = new_image.image;
	view_ci.format = format;
	view_ci.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
	view_ci.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
	view_ci.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
	view_ci.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
	view_ci.subresourceRange.layerCount = 6;
	new_image.image_view = m_device.createImageView(view_ci);

	immediate_submit([&](vk::CommandBuffer cmd) {
		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier to_transfer {};
		to_transfer.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eNone;
		to_transfer.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
		to_transfer.oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined;
		to_transfer.newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
		to_transfer.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		to_transfer.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		to_transfer.image = new_image.image;
		to_transfer.subresourceRange.aspectMask
		    = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		to_transfer.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		to_transfer.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		to_transfer.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		to_transfer.subresourceRange.layerCount = 6;

		cmd.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer, {}, {}, {}, to_transfer);

		std::array<vk::BufferImageCopy, 6> regions {};
		for (uint32_t layer = 0; layer < 6; ++layer) {
			vk::BufferImageCopy region {};
			region.bufferOffset = face_bytes * layer;
			region.imageSubresource.aspectMask
			    = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
			region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
			region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = layer;
			region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			region.imageExtent = new_image.extent;
			regions[layer] = region;
		}

		cmd.copyBufferToImage(upload_buffer.buffer, new_image.image,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, regions);

		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier to_read {};
		to_read.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
		to_read.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;
		to_read.oldLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
		to_read.newLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
		to_read.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		to_read.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		to_read.image = new_image.image;
		to_read.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		to_read.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		to_read.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		to_read.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		to_read.subresourceRange.layerCount = 6;

		cmd.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader, {}, {}, {}, to_read);
	});

	if (mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, upload_buffer.allocation);
	}
	destroy_buffer(upload_buffer);

	return new_image;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_image(AllocatedImage const &img) -> void
{
	if (img.image_view) {
		m_device.destroyImageView(img.image_view);
	}
	vmaDestroyImage(
	    m_vk.allocator, static_cast<VkImage>(img.image), img.allocation);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::create_buffer(size_t alloc_size,
    vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, VmaMemoryUsage memory_usage) -> AllocatedBuffer
{
	vk::BufferCreateInfo buffer_ci {};
	buffer_ci.size = alloc_size;
	buffer_ci.usage = usage;
	buffer_ci.sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive;

	VmaAllocationCreateInfo alloc_ci {};
	alloc_ci.usage = memory_usage;
	alloc_ci.flags = 0;
	if (memory_usage == VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY
	    || memory_usage == VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU) {
		alloc_ci.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT
		    | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_HOST_ACCESS_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE_BIT;
	}

	AllocatedBuffer buffer;
	VK_CHECK(m_logger,
	    vmaCreateBuffer(m_vk.allocator,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkBufferCreateInfo const *>(&buffer_ci), &alloc_ci,
	        reinterpret_cast<VkBuffer *>(&buffer.buffer), &buffer.allocation,
	        &buffer.info));

	return buffer;
}

auto VulkanRenderer::destroy_buffer(AllocatedBuffer const &buffer) -> void
{
	vmaDestroyBuffer(m_vk.allocator, buffer.buffer, buffer.allocation);
}

auto VulkanRenderer::upload_mesh(
    std::span<uint32_t> indices, std::span<Vertex> vertices) -> GPUMeshBuffers
{
	auto const vertex_buffer_size { vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex) };
	auto const index_buffer_size { indices.size() * sizeof(uint32_t) };

	GPUMeshBuffers new_surface;
	new_surface.vertex_buffer = create_buffer(vertex_buffer_size,
	    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer
	        | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
	        | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress,
	    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY);

	vk::BufferDeviceAddressInfo device_address_info {};
	device_address_info.buffer = new_surface.vertex_buffer.buffer;

	new_surface.vertex_buffer_address
	    = m_device.getBufferAddress(device_address_info);

	new_surface.index_buffer = create_buffer(index_buffer_size,
	    vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer
	        | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst
	        | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eShaderDeviceAddress,
	    VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY);

	auto staging { create_buffer(vertex_buffer_size + index_buffer_size,
		vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY) };

	VmaAllocationInfo info {};
	vmaGetAllocationInfo(m_vk.allocator, staging.allocation, &info);

	void *data = info.pMappedData;
	bool mapped_here { false };
	if (!data) {
		VkResult res { vmaMapMemory(
			m_vk.allocator, staging.allocation, &data) };
		assert(res == VK_SUCCESS);
		mapped_here = true;
	}

	memcpy(data, vertices.data(), vertex_buffer_size);
	memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void *>(
	           reinterpret_cast<size_t>(data) + vertex_buffer_size),
	    indices.data(), index_buffer_size);

	immediate_submit([&](vk::CommandBuffer cmd) {
		vk::BufferCopy vertex_copy {};
		vertex_copy.dstOffset = 0;
		vertex_copy.srcOffset = 0;
		vertex_copy.size = vertex_buffer_size;

		cmd.copyBuffer(
		    staging.buffer, new_surface.vertex_buffer.buffer, vertex_copy);

		vk::BufferCopy index_copy {};
		index_copy.dstOffset = 0;
		index_copy.srcOffset = vertex_buffer_size;
		index_copy.size = index_buffer_size;

		cmd.copyBuffer(
		    staging.buffer, new_surface.index_buffer.buffer, index_copy);
	});

	if (mapped_here) {
		vmaUnmapMemory(m_vk.allocator, staging.allocation);
	}
	destroy_buffer(staging);

	return new_surface;
}

} // namespace Lunar